Tour Eiffel Dessin Noir Et Blanc

Originally 312 meters high, the Eiffel Tower remained the highest monument in the world for forty years. The second level of the third floor, sometimes referred to as the fourth floor, at 279.11 meters, is the highest viewing platform accessible to the public in the European Union and the second highest in Europe, behind the Ostankino Tower in Moscow culminating at 337 meters. The height of the tower has been increased several times by the installation of a flag and then numerous antennas, notably in 1991, 1994, 2000, and 2022. Used in the past for numerous scientific experiments, it serves today as a transmitter of radio and television programs.

General presentation

Originally contested by some, the Eiffel Tower was first, on the occasion of the Universal Exhibition of 1889, the showcase of French technical know-how. Acclaimed by the public as soon as it was presented at the exhibition, it has welcomed more than 200 million visitors since its inauguration 2. Its exceptional size and immediately recognizable silhouette have made it an emblem of Paris.

3D modeling of the tower- Tour Eiffel Dessin Noir Et Blanc

Designed by Maurice Koechlin and Émile Nouguier, respectively head of the design office and head of the methods office of Eiffel & Cie5, the Eiffel Tower was designed to be the “highlight of the 1889 Exhibition held in Paris. “. It also salutes the centenary of the French Revolution. The first plan was produced in June 1884 and improved by Stephen Sauvestre, the company’s chief project architect, who gave it more aesthetics.

On May 1, 1886, the Minister of Trade and Industry Édouard Lockroy, a fervent defender of the project, signed a decree which declared open “competition for the Universal Exhibition of 1889″6. Gustave Eiffel wins this competition and an agreement of January 8, 1887, sets the terms of operation of the building. Built-in two years, two months, and five days, from 1887 to 1889, by 250 workers, it was inaugurated on the occasion of an end-of-construction party organized by Gustave Eiffel on March 31, 1889o 3. Its attendance s erodes rapidly; the Eiffel Tower will not really experience massive and constant success until the 1960s, with the rise of international tourism. It now welcomes more than six million visitors each year.

Its height allowed it to carry the title of “tallest structure in the world” until the construction in 1930 of the Chrysler Building in New York. Located on the Champ-de-Mars, near the Seine, in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, it is currently operated by the Société d’exploitation de la tour Eiffel (SETE). The site, on which more than 500 people work (including more than 250 directly employed by SETE), is open every day of the years 1.

The Eiffel Tower has been listed as a historical monument since June 24, 19647, and has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1991, along with other Parisian monuments.

Technical data- Tour Eiffel Dessin Noir Et Blanc

Here are the main dimensions of the Eiffel Tower.

Foundations

• Height from the ground (above sea level): 33.50 meters
• Length of the interior gap between 2 pillars: 74.24 meters
• Length of the outer gap between 2 pillars: 124.90 meters
  1st floor
• Floor height above ground: 57.63 meters
• Floor height above sea level: 91.13 meters
• Exterior side (at floor level): 70.69 meters
• Area (at floor level): 4,200 m2
  2nd floor
• Floor height above ground: 115.73 meters
• Floor height above sea level: 149.23 meters
• Exterior side (at floor level): 40.96 meters
• Area (at floor level): 1,650 m2
  3rd floor
• Floor height above ground: 276.13 meters
• Floor height above sea level: 309.63 meters
• Exterior side (at floor level): 18.65 meters
• Area (at floor level): 350 m2
• “4th floor” (second level of the 3rd floor)
• Floor height above ground: 279.11 meters
• Floor height above sea level: 312.61 meters
• Exterior side (at floor level): 18.65 meters
• Area (at floor level): 350 m2
  Arrow
• Total height with antennas (measurement 2022): 330 meters
• Total height with antennas (measurement 2000): 324 meters
• Total height with antennas (1994 measurement): 318.70 meters
• Total height with antennas (1991 measurement): 317.96 meters
• Total height with a flag (measurement 1889): 312.27 meters
• Total height without the flag (measurement 1889): 300 meters

Description of the tower floor by floor

The Eiffel Tower, seen from the three floors, in May 2014.
The information below describes the main technical data of each floor, as well as the main curiosities available to the visitor, once there8.

The base

Base of the tower.

View of the Eiffel Tower from the Trocadero.
The tower is part of a square of 125 meters on each side, according to the very terms of the 1886 competition. 330 meters high with its 116 antennas, it is located 33.5 meters above sea level.

From foundations to supports
The two pillars located on the side of the Military School rest on a concrete layer of 2 meters, which itself rests on a bed of gravel, the pit being in all 7 meters deep. The two pillars on the Seine side are located below the level of the river. The workers worked in sealed metal boxes into which compressed air was injected (Triger process).

Vegetation at the south pillar of the Eiffel Tower
16 foundation blocks support 16 rafters inclined at 54 degrees with respect to sola 1, which form the edges of the four pillars. Huge anchor bolts 7.80 meters long fix a cast iron shoe, which contains a cast steel counter shoe, which serves as a support for the crossbowman. During the work, a removable hydraulic cylinder placed between the shoe and the counter-shoe allowed them to slide a few centimeters in relation to each other, and possibly to adjust the iron wedges which regulate their spacing. This device, added to the sandboxes of the temporary pylons supporting the upper parts of the rafters during the works, enabled the assembly foreman to make the necessary adjustments, in particular when connecting the four pillars with the horizontal beams of the first floor, while by dealing with the possibility of settling of the masonry or the floor 2.

According to the engineers’ calculations, the pressure on the Château-Landon dressed stone bedsteads placed directly under the hooves is 18.70 kg/cm2, taking into account the forces due to both the weight of the tower and the winds. The pressure exerted on the concrete foundations on the ground, composed of sand and gravel, is only 4.9 to 5.3 kg/cm2 depending on the pillarsa 3.

Entrance to the East pillar, between the supports of two decorative arches, in front of the dummy stone base, February 2009.
Foundations
The Champ de Mars being oriented from south-east to north-west, each of the four pillars is oriented in the direction of a cardinal point. The bases of the four pillars are housed in square foundations 25 meters wide and 4 meters high, made up of an iron frame and dummy stones in compressed concrete. They were made from September 28, 1888 to January 4, 1889a 4.

Nowadays, the cash desks for the purchase of tickets occupy the north and west pillars, the elevators are accessible from the east and west pillars. The stairs (open to the public up to the second floor, and comprising a total of 1,665 steps to the top) are accessible from the east pillar. And finally, the south pillar includes a private elevator, reserved for the staff and customers of the gourmet restaurant Le Jules Verne, located on the second floor.

Bows

One of the arches of the Eiffel Tower under a cloudy sky (August 2013).

Arc and flight of the Eiffel Tower. July 2022.
Stretched between each of the four pillars, the arches rise 39 meters above the ground and have a diameter of 74 meters. Although very richly decorated in Harry Bellod’s initial sketches, they are much less so today. Their role is “purely decorative”a 1.

The first floor

The first floor from the base.
Located 57 meters above the ground, with an area of ​​approximately 4,220 square meters, it can support the simultaneous presence of approximately 2,500 people.

A circular gallery wraps around the first floor and provides a 360° view of Paris. This gallery is punctuated by several orientation tables and telescopes allowing you to observe the Parisian monuments. Facing the outside are inscribed in gold letters the names of seventy-two personalities from the scientific world of the 18th and 19th centuries (French who lived between 1789 and 1889).

This first floor houses the 58 Tour Eiffel restaurant which extends over two levels. This offers on one side, a very beautiful panoramic view of Paris, and on the other, a view of the interior of the tower.

You can also see certain vestiges linked to the history of the Eiffel Tower, in particular a section of the spiral staircase which, at the origin of the monument, went up to the top. This staircase was dismantled in 1986, during the very important renovation works of the tower. It was then cut into 22 sections, 21 of which were sold at auction, and bought for the most part by American collectors.

Finally, an observatory of the movements of the summit makes it possible to retrace the oscillations of the tower under the effect of the wind and thermal expansion. Gustave Eiffel had demanded that it be able to withstand an amplitude of 70 centimeters, which was never the case since in fact, during the heat wave of 1976, the amplitude of the oscillation was 18 cm and 13 cm during the storm at the end of December 1999 (wind of 240 km/h). Pierre Affaticati and Simon Pierrat were able to remedy this problem of amplitude in 1982 by incorporating composite materials into the related reinforcement. One of the peculiarities of the tower is that it “runs away from the Sun”. Indeed, the heat being more important on the sunny side, the iron expands on this side and the top is slightly oriented in the opposite direction.

The second floor

Second floor of the Eiffel Tower seen from the forecourt.
Located 115 meters above the ground, with an area of ​​approximately 1,650 square meters, it can support the simultaneous presence of approximately 1,600 people.

It is from this floor that the view is the best, the altitude being optimal in relation to the buildings below (on the third floor, they are less visible) and the general perspective (necessarily more limited on the first floor).

Through the floor, glazed portholes have been installed to allow a bird’s eye view of the ground below. Protective metal grids are present to prevent any attempt to jump into the void, whether it is a suicide or a sporting exploit.

The restaurant Le Jules Verne is a gourmet restaurant with a capacity of 95 seats, a 16/20 and three toques in the Gault and Millau guide, and referenced among the addresses of Relais & Châteaux. The restaurant was taken over by Frédéric Anton and reopened in July 2019 after 10 months of work, coordinated by interior designer Aline Asmar from Amman. A “private” elevator (it is also used by the maintenance staff of the tower), located in the south pillar, leads directly to a platform of approximately 500 m2, at exactly 123 meters in height.

The third floor

Summit of the Eiffel Tower, from its second floor.
Located 276.13 meters above the ground, with an area of ​​350 square meters, it can support the simultaneous presence of approximately 400 people.

Access is by elevator (the staircase is prohibited to the public from the second floor) and overlooks a closed space punctuated with orientation tables. By climbing a few steps, the visitor then arrives on an outdoor platform, sometimes called the “fourth floor” culminating at almost 279 m.

You can see on this floor a reconstruction of the “wax museum” type showing Gustave Eiffel receiving Thomas Edison, which reinforces the idea that Gustave Eiffel would have used the place as an office. The historical reality is different: the place was first occupied by the meteorological laboratory, then in the 1910s by Gustave Ferrié for his TSF experiments.

At the very top of the tower, a television mast was installed in 1957, then completed in 1959 to cover approximately 10 million homes with hertzian programs. On January 17, 2005, the device was completed by the first French DTT transmitter, bringing to 116 the number of television and radio broadcasting antennas of the whole. [ref. necessary] On March 15, 2022, a new antenna compatible with the DAB+ network is installed by helicopter at the top of the tower, thus raising it from 324 to 330 meters in height